Overview
Gender affirmation surgery, also known as gender confirmation surgery, is performed to align or transition individuals with gender dysphoria to their true gender.
A transgender woman, man, or non-binary person may choose to undergo gender affirmation surgery.
The term “transexual” was previously used by the medical community to describe people who undergo gender affirmation surgery. The term is no longer accepted by many members of the trans community as it is often weaponized as a slur. While some trans people do identify as “transexual”, it is best to use the term “transgender” to describe members of this community.
Reasons for Undergoing Surgery
Many transgender people experience a marked incongruence between their gender and their assigned sex at birth. The American Psychiatric Association (APA) has identified this as gender dysphoria.
Social transitioning: going by different pronouns, changing one’s style, adopting a new name, etc. , to affirm one’s genderMedical transitioning: taking hormones and/or surgically removing or modifying genitals and reproductive organs
Transgender individuals do not need to undergo medical intervention to have valid identities.
Gender dysphoria is the distress some trans people feel when their appearance does not reflect their gender. Dysphoria can be the cause of poor mental health or trigger mental illness in transgender people.
For these individuals, social transitioning, hormone therapy, and gender confirmation surgery permit their outside appearance to match their true gender.
Steps Required Before Surgery
In addition to a comprehensive understanding of the procedures, hormones, and other risks involved in gender-affirming surgery, there are other steps that must be accomplished before surgery is performed. These steps are one way the medical community and insurance companies limit access to gender affirmative procedures.
Steps may include:
Mental health evaluation: A mental health evaluation is required to look for any mental health concerns that could influence an individual’s mental state, and to assess a person’s readiness to undergo the physical and emotional stresses of the transition. Clear and consistent documentation of gender dysphoriaA “real life” test: The individual must take on the role of their gender in everyday activities, both socially and professionally (known as “real-life experience” or “real-life test”).
Firstly, not all transgender experience physical body dysphoria. The “real life” test is also very dangerous to execute, as trans people have to make themselves vulnerable in public to be considered for affirmative procedures. When a trans person does not pass (easily identified as their gender), they can be clocked (found out to be transgender), putting them at risk for violence and discrimination.
Requiring trans people to conduct a “real-life” test despite the ongoing violence out transgender people face is extremely dangerous, especially because some transgender people only want surgery to lower their risk of experiencing transphobic violence.
Hormone Therapy & Transitioning
Hormone therapy involves taking progesterone, estrogen, or testosterone. An individual has to have undergone hormone therapy for a year before having gender affirmation surgery.
The purpose of hormone therapy is to change the physical appearance to reflect gender identity.
Effects of Testosterone
When a trans person begins taking testosterone, changes include both a reduction in assigned female sexual characteristics and an increase in assigned male sexual characteristics.
Bodily changes can include:
Beard and mustache growthDeepening of the voiceEnlargement of the clitorisIncreased growth of body hairIncreased muscle mass and strengthIncrease in the number of red blood cellsRedistribution of fat from the breasts, hips, and thighs to the abdominal areaDevelopment of acne, similar to male pubertyBaldness or localized hair loss, especially at the temples and crown of the headAtrophy of the uterus and ovaries, resulting in an inability to have children
Behavioral changes include:
AggressionIncreased sex drive
Effects of Estrogen
When a trans person begins taking estrogen, changes include both a reduction in assigned male sexual characteristics and an increase in assigned female characteristics.
Changes to the body can include:
Breast developmentLoss of erectionShrinkage of testiclesDecreased acneDecreased facial and body hairDecreased muscle mass and strengthSofter and smoother skinSlowing of baldingRedistribution of fat from abdomen to the hips, thighs, and buttocks
Behavioral changes include:
Decreased sex driveMood swings
When Are the Hormonal Therapy Effects Noticed?
The feminizing effects of estrogen and the masculinizing effects of testosterone may appear after the first couple of doses, although it may be several years before a person is satisfied with their transition. This is especially true for breast development.
Timeline of Surgical Process
Surgery is delayed until at least one year after the start of hormone therapy and at least two years after a mental health evaluation. Once the surgical procedures begin, the amount of time until completion is variable depending on the number of procedures desired, recovery time, and more.
Transfeminine Surgeries
Transfeminine is an umbrella term inclusive of trans women and non-binary trans people who were assigned male at birth.
Most often, surgeries involved in gender affirmation surgery are broken down into those that occur above the belt (top surgery) and those below the belt (bottom surgery). Not everyone undergoes all of these surgeries, but procedures that may be considered for transfeminine individuals are listed below.
Top surgery includes:
Breast augmentation Facial feminization Nose surgery: Rhinoplasty may be done to narrow the nose and refine the tip. Eyebrows: A brow lift may be done to feminize the curvature and position of the eyebrows. Jaw surgery: The jaw bone may be shaved down. Chin reduction: Chin reduction may be performed to soften the chin’s angles. Cheekbones: Cheekbones may be enhanced, often via collagen injections as well as other plastic surgery techniques. Lips: A lip lift may be done. Alteration to hairline Male pattern hair removal Reduction of Adam’s apple Voice change surgery
Bottom surgery includes:
Removal of the penis (penectomy) and scrotum (orchiectomy)Creation of a vagina and labia
Transmasculine Surgeries
Transmasculine is an umbrella term inclusive of trans men and non-binary trans people who were assigned female at birth.
Surgery for this group involves top surgery and bottom surgery as well.
Top surgery includes :
Subcutaneous mastectomy/breast reduction surgery.
Bottom surgery includes:
Removal of the uterus and ovaries Creation of a penis and scrotum either through metoidioplasty and/or phalloplasty
Complications and Side Effects
Surgery is not without potential risks and complications. Estrogen therapy has been associated with an elevated risk of blood clots (deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary emboli) for transfeminine people. There is also the potential of increased risk of breast cancer (even without hormones, breast cancer may develop).
Testosterone use in transmasculine people has been associated with an increase in blood pressure, insulin resistance, and lipid abnormalities, though it’s not certain exactly what role these changes play in the development of heart disease.
With surgery, there are surgical risks such as bleeding and infection, as well as side effects of anesthesia. Those who are considering these treatments should have a careful discussion with their doctor about potential risks related to hormone therapy as well as the surgeries.
Cost of Gender Confirmation Surgery
Surgery can be prohibitively expensive for many transgender individuals. Costs including counseling, hormones, electrolysis, and operations can amount to well over $100,000. Transfeminine procedures tend to be more expensive than transmasculine ones. Health insurance sometimes covers a portion of the expenses.
Quality of Life After Surgery
Quality of life appears to improve after gender-affirming surgery for all trans people who medically transition. One 2017 study found that surgical satisfaction ranged from 94% to 100%.
Since there are many steps and sometimes uncomfortable surgeries involved, this number supports the benefits of surgery for those who feel it is their best choice.
A Word From Verywell
Gender affirmation surgery is a lengthy process that begins with counseling and a mental health evaluation to determine if a person can be diagnosed with gender dysphoria.
After this is complete, hormonal treatment is begun with testosterone for transmasculine individuals and estrogen for transfeminine people. Some of the physical and behavioral changes associated with hormonal treatment are listed above.
After hormone therapy has been continued for at least one year, a number of surgical procedures may be considered. These are broken down into “top” procedures and “bottom” procedures.
Surgery is costly, but precise estimates are difficult due to many variables. Finding a surgeon who focuses solely on gender confirmation surgery and has performed many of these procedures is a plus. Speaking to a surgeon’s past patients can be a helpful way to gain insight on the physician’s practices as well.
For those who follow through with these preparation steps, hormone treatment, and surgeries, studies show quality of life appears to improve. Many people who undergo these procedures express satisfaction with their results.
